GNU's Bulletin June, 1994

The GNU's Bulletin is the semi-annual newsletter of the Free Software Foundation, bringing you news about the GNU Project. 

Free Software Foundation, Inc.		      Telephone: +1-617-876-3296
675 Massachusetts Avenue		      Fax: +1-617-492-9057
Cambridge, MA	02139-3309		      Fax (in Japan):
USA						  0031-13-2473 (KDD)
Electronic mail: `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu'		  0066-3382-0158 (IDC)

Table of Contents

GNU's Who

Michael Bushnell continues to work on the Hurd, while also maintaining `tar'. Roland McGrath maintains `make' and the GNU C library, and is now working on the Hurd. Jan Brittenson is working on the Hurd network server. Karl Heuer has come on board to maintain and enhance GNU Emacs. Omar Richardson-Sutherland is coordinating the GNU Dictionary Project (see ``Announcing the Dictionary Project'').

Noah Friedman is our system ambiguator, release coordinator, and maintains a few programs in his copious spare time. Carl Hoffman is our fundraiser and conference organizer.

Robert J. Chassell is again our Treasurer, replacing Lisa `Opus' Goldstein, who is on her way to China (`finally!', she says). Lisa Bloch is our new Executive Director, taking over from Lisa Goldstein. Britton Bradley and Larissa Carlson assist Lisa Bloch with many tasks in the Business Office. Charles Hannum works on typesetting and many other jobs.

Jim Blandy has left to adapt GNU Emacs for use by the University of Illinois' Ribosome Database Project; he is also working on free, Scheme-based drawing software. Melissa Weisshaus and Tom Lord have also left the FSF. All still volunteer part-time.

Richard Stallman continues as a volunteer who does countless tasks, such as Emacs maintenance. Volunteer Len Tower remains our online JOAT (jack-of-all-trades), handling mailing lists and gnUSENET, information requests, etc.

Administrivia and Copyright

Written and Edited by: Melissa Weisshaus, Noah S. Friedman, Robert J. Chassell, and Leonard H. Tower Jr.

Illustrations by: Etienne Suvasa and Jamal Hannah

Japanese Edition by: Mieko Hikichi and Nobuyuki Hikichi

ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1075-7813

The GNU's Bulletin is published at the end of January and June of each year. Please note that there is no postal mailing list. To get a copy, send your name and address with your request to the address on the front page. Enclosing a business sized self-addressed stamped envelope ($0.52) and/or a donation of a few dollars is appreciated but not required. If you're from outside the USA, sending a mailing label and enough International Reply Coupons for a package of about 100 grams is appreciated but not required. (Including a few extra International Reply Coupons for copying costs is also appreciated.)

Copyright (C) 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies of this document, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.

*We don't have a patent on irony and satire; those tools are available for you to use in your own work.*

- Guerrilla Girls, a New York City performance group

What Is the FSF?

The Free Software Foundation is dedicated to eliminating restrictions on people's right to use, copy, modify, and redistribute computer programs. We promote the development and use of free software in all areas using computers. Specifically, we are putting together a complete, integrated software system named "GNU" ("GNU's Not Unix", pronounced "guh-new") that will be upwardly compatible with Unix. Most parts of this system are already being used and distributed.

The word "free" in our name refers to freedom, not price. You may or may not pay money to get GNU software, but regardless you have two specific freedoms once you get it: first, the freedom to copy a program and give it away to your friends and co-workers; and second, the freedom to change a program as you wish, by having full access to source code. You can study the source and learn how such programs are written. You may then be able to port it, improve it, and share your changes with others. If you redistribute GNU software you may charge a distribution fee or give it away, so long as you include the source code and the GPL; see ``What Is Copyleft?'', for details.

Other organizations distribute whatever free software happens to be available. By contrast, the Free Software Foundation concentrates on the development of new free software, working towards a GNU system complete enough to eliminate the need to purchase a proprietary system.

Besides developing GNU, the FSF distributes GNU software and manuals for a distribution fee and accepts gifts (tax-deductible in the U.S.) to support GNU development. Most of the FSF's funds come from this distribution service.

The Board of the Foundation is: Richard M. Stallman, President; Robert J. Chassell, Secretary/Treasurer; Gerald J. Sussman, Harold Abelson, and Leonard H. Tower Jr., Directors.

What Is Copyleft?

The simplest way to make a program free is to put it in the public domain, uncopyrighted. But this permits proprietary modifications, denying others the freedom to use and redistribute improvements; it is contrary to the intent of increasing the total amount of free software. To prevent this, "copyleft" uses copyrights in a novel manner. Typically copyrights take away freedoms; copyleft preserves them. It is a legal instrument that requires those who pass on a program to include the rights to use, modify, and redistribute the code; the code and rights become legally inseparable.

The copyleft used by the GNU Project is made from the combination of a regular copyright notice and the "GNU General Public License" (GPL). The GPL is a copying license which basically says that you have the aforementioned freedoms. An alternate form, the "GNU Library General Public License" (LGPL), applies to a few GNU libraries. This license permits linking the libraries into proprietary executables under certain conditions. The appropriate license is included in all GNU source code distributions and many manuals. Printed copies are available upon request.

We strongly encourage you to copyleft your programs and documentation, and we have made it as simple as possible for you to do so. The details on how to apply either license appear at the end of each license.

What Is GNU?

GNU is to be a complete integrated computational environment: everything you need to work with a computer, either as a programmer or as a person in an office or home. The core is an operating system, which consists of a central program called a kernel that runs the other programs on the computer, and a large number of ancillary programs for handling files, etc. The FSF is developing an advanced kernel called the Hurd (see ``What Is the Hurd?'').

A complete system has tools for programmers, such as compilers and debuggers. It also has editors, sketchpads, calendars, calculators, spreadsheets, databases, electronic mail readers, and Internet navigators. The FSF already distributes most of the programs used in an operating system, all the tools regularly used by programmers, and much more.

Already, you can set yourself up as an entrepreneur to sell your services teaching, installing, improving, and modifying this software for others. Already, you can set yourself up as a programmer or writer who works on a 80386 or 80486 based computer and use only software that is freely redistributable. Already, all the tools you need as a programmer for editing, compiling, and debugging are free; all the tools you need as a writer for editing, revising, and typesetting a book are free; many tools you need for calculations or mathematics are free; and many games and other applications are free. Tools for electronic communications are free.

Not only are these tools useful to you, they are useful institutionally. Since distribution is free, you can pass on copies to other people in your company or organization without hindrance. No paperwork. As a teacher, you can give programs to your students without fearing that you are breaking the law. As a student, you can copy programs for your friends, and do good by doing so. If you are poor, you can copy and use the same software used by the rich; and if you are rich, you can contribute your improvements to the common heritage. If you are ignorant, you can learn. If you know a great deal, you can help others.

What Is the Hurd?

The Hurd will be the foundation of the whole GNU system. It is built on top of the Mach 3.0 kernel, a free message-passing kernel developed by CMU. Mach's virtual memory management and message-passing facilities are extensively used by the Hurd. The GNU C Library will provide the Unix system call interface, and will call the Hurd for needed services it can't provide itself.

One goal of the Hurd is to establish a framework for shared development and maintenance. The Hurd is like GNU Emacs in that it will allow a broad range of users to create and share useful projects without knowing much about the internal workings of the system--projects that might never have been attempted without freely available source, a well-designed interface, and a multiserver-based design.

Currently there are free ports of the Mach kernel to the 386 PC, the DEC PMAX workstation, the Luna 88k, and several other machines, with more in progress, including the Amiga and DEC Alpha-3000 machines. Contact CMU c/o `mach@cs.cmu.edu', if you want to help with one of these or start your own. Porting the GNU Hurd and GNU C Library is easy (easier than porting GNU Emacs, certainly easier than porting GCC) once a Mach port to a particular platform exists.

Important progress has been made recently; see ``GNUs Flashes''.

There are significant projects relating to the Hurd for which we need volunteers. Experienced system programmers who are interested should send mail to `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu'. Porting the Mach kernel or the GNU C Library to new systems is another way to help development of the Hurd.

Free Software Redistributors Donate

by Richard Stallman

Austin Code Works, a redistributor of free software, has agreed to support free software development by giving the FSF 20% of the selling price for the GNU software packages they produce and sell.

The Sun Users Group Deutschland has agreed to add a donation to the FSF to the price of their next CD-ROM of GNU software. Potential purchasers will know precisely how much is for the FSF and how much is for SUGD.

In the long run, the success of free software depends on how much new free software people develop. Free software distribution offers an opportunity to raise funds for such development in an ethical way. These two redistributors have made use of the opportunity. Many others let it go to waste.

You can help promote free software development by convincing for-a-fee redistributors to contribute--either by doing development themselves, or by donating to development organizations (the FSF and others).

The way to convince distributors to contribute is to demand and expect this of them. This means choosing among distributors partly by how much they give to free software development. Then you can show distributors they must compete to be the one who gives the most.

To make this work, you must insist on numbers that you can compare, such as, "We will give ten dollars to the Foobar project for each disk sold." A vague commitment, such as "A portion of the profits are donated", doesn't give you a basis for comparison. Even a precise fraction "of the profits from this disk" is not very meaningful, since creative accounting and unrelated business decisions can greatly alter what fraction of the sales price counts as profit.

Also, press developers for firm information about what kind of development they do or support. Some kinds make much more long-term difference than others. For example, maintaining a separate version of a GNU program contributes very little; maintaining a program on behalf of the GNU project contributes much. Easy new ports contribute little, since someone else would surely do them; difficult ports such as adding a new CPU to the GNU compiler contribute more; major new features and programs contribute the most.

By establishing the idea that supporting further development is "the proper thing to do" when distributing free software for a fee, we can assure a steady flow of resources for making more free software.

Help from Free Software Companies

When choosing a free software business, ask those you are considering how much they do to assist free software development, e.g., by contributing money to free software development or by writing free software improvements themselves for general use. By basing your decision partially on this factor, you can help encourage those who profit from free software to contribute to its growth.

These free software support companies regularly donate a part of their income to the Free Software Foundation to support the development of new GNU programs. Listing them here is our way of thanking them. Also see ``Cygnus Matches Donations!''.

Contributed Software GbR
Graefestr. 76
D-10967 Berlin
Germany

Telephone:
(+49-30) 694-69-07
Fax:
(+49-30) 694-68-09
Electronic-Mail:
`info@contrib.de'
BBS & no-charge free software archive:
Dialins:
(+49-30) 693-40-51 (eight USR DS's)
(+49-30) 694-60-55 (five ZyXELs)
Telnet:
`uropax.contrib.de' [192.109.39.2]
FTP:
`ftp.contrib.de'
WWW:
`http://www.contrib.de/'

Hundred Acre Consulting
5301 Longley Lane, Suite D-144
Reno, NV 89511
USA

Telephone:
702-829-9700
+1-800-245-2885
Fax:
702-829-9926
Electronic-Mail:
`info@pooh.com'
FTP:
`ftp.pooh.com'
WWW:
`http://www.pooh.com/'
Gopher:
`gopher.pooh.com'

Free Software Support

The Free Software Foundation does not provide any technical support. Although we create software, we leave it to others to earn a living providing support. We see programmers as providing a service, much as doctors and lawyers now do; both medical and legal knowledge are freely redistributable entities for which the practitioners charge a distribution and service fee.

The GNU Service Directory is a list of people who offer support and other consulting services. It is in the file `etc/SERVICE' in the GNU Emacs distribution, `SERVICE' in the GCC distribution and `/pub/gnu/GNUinfo/SERVICE' on GNU's FTP host `prep.ai.mit.edu'. Contact us if you would like a copy or wish to be listed in it. Those companies who share their income with the FSF are listed in ``Help from Free Software Companies''.

If you find a deficiency in any GNU software, we want to know. We have many Internet mailing lists for bug reports, announcements and questions. They are also gatewayed into USENET news as the `gnu.*' newsgroups. You can request a list of the mailing lists from either address on the front cover.

When we receive a bug report, we usually try to fix the problem. While our bug fixes may seem like individual assistance, they are not. Our task is so large that we must focus on that which helps the community as a whole; we do not have the resources to help individuals. We may send you a patch for a bug so that you can help us test the fix and ensure its quality. If your bug report does not evoke a solution from us, you may still get one from another user who reads our bug report mailing lists. Otherwise, use the Service Directory.

Please do not ask us to help you install software or figure out how to use it--but do tell us how an installation script does not work or where documentation is unclear.

If you have no Internet access, you can get mail and USENET news via UUCP. Contact a local UUCP site, or a commercial UUCP site such as:

UUNET Communications Services
3110 Fairview Park Drive -- Suite 570
Falls Church, VA 22042
USA

Telephone:
+1-800-4UUNET4
+1-703-204-8000
Fax:
+1-703-204-8001
Electronic-Mail: `info@uunet.uu.net'
A list of commercial UUCP and Internet service providers is posted periodically to USENET in the newsgroup `news.announce.newusers' with `Subject: How to become a USENET site'. You can also get it via anonymous FTP from `rtfm.mit.edu' in the file `How_to_become_a_USENET_site', in the directory `/pub/usenet-by-group/news.announce.newusers'.

When choosing a service provider, ask those you are considering how much they do to assist free software development, e.g., by contributing money to free software development or by writing free software improvements themselves for general use. By basing your decision partially on this factor, you can help encourage those who profit from free software to contribute to its growth.

What Is the LPF?

The League for Programming Freedom (LPF) aims to protect the freedom to write software. This freedom is threatened by "look-and-feel" interface copyright lawsuits and by software patents. The LPF does not endorse free software or the FSF.

The League's members include programmers, entrepreneurs, students, professors, and even software companies.

From the League membership form:

The League for Programming Freedom is a grass-roots organization of professors, students, business people, programmers, and users dedicated to bringing back the freedom to write programs. The League is not opposed to the legal system that Congress intended--copyright on individual programs. Our aim is to reverse the recent changes made by judges in response to special interests.

Membership dues in the League are $42 per year for programmers, managers and professionals; $10.50 for students; $21 for others.

To join, please send a check and the following information:

The League is not connected with the Free Software Foundation and is not itself a free software organization. The FSF supports the LPF because, like any software developer smaller than IBM, it is endangered by software patents. You are in danger too! It would be easy to ignore the problem until you or your employer is sued, but it is more prudent to organize before that happens.

If you haven't made up your mind yet, write to LPF for more information:

League for Programming Freedom
1 Kendall Square - #143
P.O. Box 9171
Cambridge, MA 02139
USA

Telephone: +1-617-243-4091
Electronic-Mail: `lpf@uunet.uu.net'

GNU and Other Free Software in Japan

Mieko (`h-mieko@sra.co.jp') and Nobuyuki Hikichi (`hikichi@sra.co.jp') continue to volunteer for the GNU Project in Japan. They translate each issue of this Bulletin into Japanese and distribute it widely, along with their translation of the GNU General Public License Version 2. This translation of the GPL is authorized by the FSF and is available by anonymous FTP from `srawgw.sra.co.jp' in `/pub/gnu/local-fix/GPL2-j'. They are working on a formal translation of the GNU Library General Public License. They also solicit donations and offer GNU software consulting.

`nepoch' (the Japanese versions of Epoch) and MULE are available and widely used in Japan. MULE (the MULtilingual Enhancement of GNU Emacs) can handle many character sets at once. Eventually its features will be merged into the FSF's version of Emacs. The FSF does not distribute `nepoch', but MULE is available on the ``Source Code CD-ROM''. You can also FTP it from `sh.wide.ad.jp' in `/JAPAN/mule' or `etlport.etl.go.jp' in `/pub/mule'. See ``GNU Software'', for more information about MULE.

The Village Center, Inc. prints a Japanese translation of the `GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual' and uploads the Texinfo source to various bulletin boards. They have also published a copylefted book, Nobuyuki's and Mieko's `Think GNU'. This appears to be the first non-FSF copylefted publication in Japan. Part of the profits are donated to the FSF. Their address is:

Village Center, Inc.
3-2 Kanda Jinbo-cho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 101, Japan

Telephone: 03-3221-3520

Addison-Wesley Publishers Japan Ltd. has printed a Japanese translation of the `GNU Make Manual' and `GAWK Manual'. Their address is:

Addison-Wesley Publishers Japan Ltd.
Nichibou Bldg. 2F
1-2-2 Sarugaku-cho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 101, Japan

Telephone: 03-3291-4581

GNU manuals (in English), T-shirts and CD-ROMs are available from both:

Shosen Book Tower
1-11-6 Kanda Sakuma-cho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 101, Japan

Telephone: 03-5296-0051

Shosen Grande
1-3 Kanda Jinbo-cho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 101, Japan

Telephone: 03-3295-0011

The Institute for New Generation Computer Technology, ICOT, has released the "ICOT Free Software (IFS)" distribution. The famous Fifth Generation Computing System project produced this distribution, which includes over 80 systems for symbol processing, knowledge processing, problem solving, inference, and natural language processing. Many of them are based on parallel logic programming. For details, contact `ifs@icot.or.jp'.

There is a mailing list in Japan to discuss both hardware and software which is under the GNU General Public License. This list provides information about making your own computer system. The main language used on the list is Japanese. If you are interested in getting information or having discussions in English, contact `mka@apricot.juice.or.jp' or `ishiz@muraoka.info.waseda.ac.jp'.

Many groups in Japan now distribute GNU software. They include JUG, a PC user group; ASCII, a periodical and book publisher; the Fujitsu FM Towns users group; and SRA's special GNU support group, called Wingnut, who also purchased the first Deluxe package in Japan. (Since then, there have been several other purchases of the Deluxe package in Japan.)

Anonymous UUCP is available until the end of December, 1994. After that it will be canceled due to a lack of disk space, time and the ease with which GNU software can be obtained via FTP and on CD-ROM and other media. Since the service was started 5 years ago, over 300 tapes have been made, and over 600 hosts have made more than 20,000 calls to the UUCP server to get GNU and other free software. For more information, contact `toku@dit.co.jp'.

It is easy to place an order directly with the FSF from Japan, thus funding new code. To get an FSF Order Form written in Japanese, ask `japan-fsf-orders@prep.ai.mit.edu'. There are also two toll-free Fax numbers for use in Japan (see page 1). We encourage you to buy software on tapes or CDs: for example, every 150 tape orders allows FSF to hire a programmer for a year to write more free software.

Announcing the Dictionary Project

The FSF has a copy of the `Century Dictionary', an unabridged dictionary now in the public domain, and we are planning to put it online. We tried OCR, but it wasn't reliable enough. So we're looking for volunteers to type it in--20 pages per volunteer. We estimate that takes around 45 hours if you type reasonably fast, including proofreading.

If you'd like to volunteer, please send mail to `dictionary@gnu.ai.mit.edu'. We'll send you 20 xeroxed pages plus the description of the online dictionary format. (Be *very* careful to follow the format.)

This project provides a way for people without programming skills or money to contribute to the GNU Project.

GNUs Flashes

Forthcoming GNUs

Information about the current status of released GNU programs can be found in ``GNU Software''. Here is some news of future plans.

Freely Available Texts

Freely redistributable information isn't just software. Here are a few groups providing various books, historical documents, and more. Please let either address on the front cover know of additional entries. You can FTP a more complete list in file `/pub/gnu/FreelyAvailableTexts' from `prep.ai.mit.edu'.

GNU Documentation

GNU is dedicated to having quality, easy-to-use online and printed documentation. GNU manuals are intended to explain the underlying concepts, describe how to use all the features of each program, and give examples of command use. GNU manuals are distributed as Texinfo source files, which yield both typeset hardcopy via the TeX document formatting system, and online hypertext-like display via the menu-driven Info system. Source for these manuals comes with our software, and they are available in hardcopy; see the ``Free Software Foundation Order Form''.

Most GNU manuals are bound as soft cover books with "lay-flat" bindings. This allows you to open them so they lie flat on a table without creasing the binding. Each book has an inner cloth spine and an outer cardboard cover that will not break or crease as an ordinary paperback will. Currently, the `Emacs', `GDB', `Emacs Lisp Reference', `GAWK', `Make', `Flex', `Bison', and `Texinfo' manuals have this binding. The other GNU manuals are also bound so they lie flat when opened, using a GBC binding. All of our manuals are 7in by 9.25in except the `Calc' manual, which is 8.5in by 11in.

The edition number of the manual and version number of the program listed after each manual's name were current at the time this Bulletin was published.

The `Emacs Manual' (9th Edition for Version 19) describes editing with GNU Emacs. It explains advanced features, including outline mode and regular expression search, how to use special modes for programming in languages like C++ and TeX, how to use the `tags' utility, how to compile and correct code, how to make your own keybindings, and other elementary customizations.

`Debugging with GDB' (Edition 4.09 for Version 4.9) tells how to use the GNU Debugger, run your program under debugger control, examine and alter data, modify a program's flow of control, and use GDB through GNU Emacs.

The `GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual' (Edition 2.3 for Version 19.23) covers this programming language in depth, including data types, control structures, functions, macros, syntax tables, searching/matching, modes, windows, keymaps, byte compilation, and the operating system interface.

The `GAWK Manual' (Edition 0.16 for Version 2.16) tells how to use the GNU implementation of `awk'. It is written for those who have never used `awk' and describes the features of this powerful string and record manipulation language.

The `Make Manual' (Edition 0.43 for Version 3.68) describes GNU `make', a program used to rebuild parts of other programs. The manual tells how to write "makefiles", which specify how a program is to be compiled and how its files depend on each other. Included are an introductory chapter for novice users and a section about automatically generated dependencies.

The `Flex Manual' (Edition 1.03 for Version 2.3.7) tells you how to write a lexical scanner definition for the `flex' program to create a C++ or C-coded scanner that will recognize the patterns described. You need no prior knowledge of scanner generators.

The `Bison Manual' (December 1993 Edition for Version 1.23) teaches you how to write context-free grammars for the Bison program that convert into C-coded parsers. You need no prior knowledge of parser generators.

`Using and Porting GNU CC' (October 1993 Edition for Version 2.5) explains how to run, install, and port the GNU C Compiler to new systems. It describes new features and incompatibilities of the compiler, but people not familiar with C will also need a good reference on the C programming language. This manual also covers G++.

The `Texinfo Manual' (Edition 2.19 for Version 3) explains the markup language used to generate both the online Info documentation and typeset hardcopies. It tells you how to make tables, lists, chapters, nodes, indexes, cross references, how to use Texinfo mode in GNU Emacs, and how to catch mistakes. This second edition describes over 50 new commands.

The `Termcap Manual' (2nd Edition for Version 1.2), often described as "twice as much as you ever wanted to know about termcap," details the format of the termcap database, the definitions of terminal capabilities, and the process of interrogating a terminal description. This manual is primarily for programmers.

The `C Library Reference Manual' (June 1993 Edition for Version 1.07) describes most of the facilities of the GNU C library, including both what Unix calls "library functions" and "system calls." We are doing limited copier runs of this manual until it becomes more stable. It is new, and needs corrections and improvements. Please send them to `bug-glibc-manual@prep.ai.mit.edu'.

The `Emacs Calc Manual' (Edition 2.02 for Version 2.02) includes both a tutorial and a reference manual for Calc. It describes how to do ordinary arithmetic, how to use Calc for algebra, calculus, and other forms of mathematics, and how to extend Calc.

GNU Software

All our software is available via anonymous FTP; see ``How to Get GNU Software''. In addition we offer software on various media and printed documentation:

We welcome all bug reports sent to the appropriate electronic mailing list (see ``Free Software Support'').

In the articles describing the contents of each medium, the version number listed after each program name was current when we published this Bulletin. When you order a distribution tape or diskette, some of the programs may be newer, and therefore the version number higher.

Key to cross reference:

BinCD
Binaries CD-ROM
DjgppD
Djgpp Diskettes
EmcsD
Emacs Diskettes
EmcsT
Emacs Tape
LangT
Language Tape
LiteT
4.4BSD-Lite Tape
SchmT
Scheme Tape
SrcCD
Source CD-ROM
UtilD
Selected Utilities Diskettes
UtilT
Utilities Tape
VMSCompT
VMS Compiler Tape
VMSEmcsT
VMS Emacs Tape
WdwsD
Windows Diskette
X11OptT
X11 Optional Tape
X11ReqT
X11 Required Tape
Configuring GNU Software:

We are using a uniform scheme for configuring GNU software packages in order to compile them, which uses the `autoconf' program. All GNU software supports the same alternatives for naming machine and system types. This makes it possible to configure any and all GNU software in the same manner.

The configuration scheme also supports configuring a directory containing several GNU packages with one command. When the GNU system is complete it will be possible to configure and build the entire system at once, eliminating the need to separately configure each individual package.

The configuration scheme can also specify both the host and target system, so you can easily configure and build cross-compilation tools.

GNU software currently available:

(For new features and coming programs, see ``Forthcoming GNUs''.)

Program/Package Cross Reference

Here is a list of what package each GNU program or library is in. Programs on the two X11 tapes and the 4.4BSD-Lite tapes are not included, due to lack of space in this Bulletin. You can anonymous FTP a full list from `prep.ai.mit.edu' in the file `/pub/gnu/ProgramIndex'.

	a2p perl
	acm acm
	acms acm
	addftinfo Groff
	afm2tfm TeX
	ar Binutils
	autoconf Autoconf
	autoheader Autoconf

	b2m Emacs
	basename Shellutils
	bash BASH
	bc bc
	bdftops Ghostscript
	bibtex TeX
	bison Bison
	bms MandelSpawn
	bpltobzr Fontutils
	build ispell
	bzrto Fontutils

	c++ GCC
	c++filt Binutils
	c2ph perl
	cat Textutils
	cbars wdiff
	cc GCC
	cc1 GCC
	cc1obj GCC
	cc1plus GCC
	cccp GCC
	charspace Fontutils
	chgrp Fileutils
	chmod Fileutils
	chown Fileutils
	ci RCS
	cksum Textutils
	clisp CLISP
	cmail xboard
	cmmf TeX
	cmp Diffutils
	co RCS
	comm Textutils
	cp Fileutils
	cpio cpio
	cpp GCC
	cppstdin perl
	csplit Textutils
	ctags Emacs
	cu UUCP
	cut Textutils
	cvs CVS
	cvscheck CVS
	cvtmail Emacs

	d Fileutils
	date Shellutils
	dc dc
	dd Fileutils
	delatex TeX
	demangle Binutils
	descend CVS
	detex TeX
	df Fileutils
	diff Diffutils
	diff3 Diffutils
	digest-doc Emacs
	dir Fileutils
	dirname Shellutils
	dld dld
	doschk doschk
	du Fileutils
	dvi2tty TeX
	dvicopy TeX
	dvips TeX
	dvitype TeX

	ecc ecc
	echo Shellutils
	ed ed
	edit-pr GNATS
	egrep grep
	emacs Emacs
	emacsclient Emacs
	emacsserver Emacs
	emacstool Emacs
	env Shellutils
	eqn Groff
	es es
	esdebug es
	etags Emacs
	ex nvi
	expand Textutils
	expect DejaGnu
	expr Shellutils

	f2c f2c
	fakemail Emacs
	false Shellutils
	fax NetFax
	faxenq NetFax
	faxmail NetFax
	faxps NetFax
	faxq NetFax
	faxrm NetFax
	faxsend NetFax
	faxspooler NetFax
	fc f2c
	fgrep grep
	find find
	find2perl perl
	finger finger
	fingerd finger
	fixfonts Texinfo
	fixinc.svr4 GCC
	fixincludes GCC
	flex flex
	fold Textutils
	font2c Ghostscript
	fontconvert Fontutils
	forth Tile Forth
	forthicon Tile Forth
	forthtool Tile Forth
	freq ispell
	freqtbl ispell

	g++ GCC
	gas GAS
	gawk Gawk
	gcc GCC
	gdb GDB
	genclass libg++
	gftodvi TeX
	gftopk TeX
	gftype TeX
	ghostview Ghostview
	gnats GNATS
	gnuchess Chess
	gnuchessc Chess
	gnuchessn Chess
	gnuchessr Chess
	gnuchessx Chess
	gnupdisp Shogi
	gnuplot gnuplot
	gnuplot_x11 gnuplot
	gnushogi Shogi
	gnushogir Shogi
	gnushogix Shogi
	go GnuGo
	gperf gperf
	gperf libg++
	gprof Binutils
	graph Graphics
	grep grep
	grodvi Groff
	groff Groff
	grops Groff
	grotty Groff
	groups Shellutils
	gs Ghostscript
	gsbj Ghostscript
	gsdj Ghostscript
	gslj Ghostscript
	gslp Ghostscript
	gsnd Ghostscript
	gsrenderfont Fontutils
	gunzip gzip
	gzexe gzip
	gzip gzip

	h2ph perl
	h2pl perl
	head Textutils
	hello hello
	hexl Emacs
	hp2xx hp2xx

	id Shellutils
	ident RCS
	imageto Fontutils
	imgrotate Fontutils
	indent indent
	indxbib Groff
	info Texinfo
	inimf TeX
	initex TeX
	install Fileutils
	ispell ispell

	join Textutils

	lasergnu gnuplot
	latex TeX
	ld Binutils
	less less
	lesskey less
	libbfd.a Binutils
	libbfd.a GAS
	libbfd.a GDB
	libbzr.a Fontutils
	libc.a C Library
	libcurses.a nvi
	libF77.a f2c
	libg++.a libg++
	libgdbm.a gdbm
	libgf.a Fontutils
	libgmp.a gmp
	libI77.a f2c
	libnihcl.a NIHCL
	libnihclmi.a NIHCL
	libnihclvec.a NIHCL
	liboctave.a Octave
	libpbm.a Fontutils
	libpk.a Fontutils
	libtcl.a DejaGnu
	libtermcap.a Termcap
	libtfm.a Fontutils
	libwidgets.a Fontutils
	limn Fontutils
	lkbib Groff
	ln Fileutils
	locate find
	look ispell
	lookbib Groff
	ls Fileutils

	m4 m4
	make Make
	make-docfile Emacs
	make-path Emacs
	makeindex TeX
	makeinfo Texinfo
	MakeTeXPK TeX
	man-macros Groff
	mattrib mtools
	mcd mtools
	mcopy mtools
	mdel mtools
	mdir mtools
	me-macros Groff
	merge RCS
	mf TeX
	mformat mtools
	mft TeX
	mkdir Fileutils
	mkfifo Fileutils
	mkmanifest mtools
	mkmodules CVS
	mknod Fileutils
	mlabel mtools
	mm-macros Groff
	mmd mtools
	movemail Emacs
	mrd mtools
	mread mtools
	mren mtools
	ms-macros Groff
	mslaved MandelSpawn
	mt cpio
	mtype mtools
	mv Fileutils
	mvdir Fileutils
	mwrite mtools

	nethack Nethack
	nice Shellutils
	nl Textutils
	nlmconv Binutils
	nm Binutils
	nohup Shellutils
	nroff Groff

	objc GCC
	objcopy Binutils
	objdump Binutils
	objective-c GCC
	octave Octave
	od Textutils
	oleo Oleo

	p2c p2c
	paste Textutils
	patch patch
	patgen TeX
	pathchk Shellutils
	perl perl
	pfbtops Groff
	pic Groff
	pktogf TeX
	pktype TeX
	plot2fig Graphics
	plot2plot Graphics
	plot2ps Graphics
	plot2tek Graphics
	pltotf TeX
	pooltype TeX
	pr Textutils
	pr-addr GNATS
	pr-edit GNATS
	printenv Shellutils
	printf Shellutils
	protoize GCC
	ps2ascii Ghostscript
	ps2epsi Ghostscript
	psbb Groff
	ptx ptx

	query-pr GNATS

	ranlib Binutils
	rc rc
	rcs RCS
	rcs-to-cvs CVS
	rcs2log Emacs
	rcsdiff RCS
	rcsfreeze RCS
	rcsmerge RCS
	recode recode
	refer Groff
	rlog RCS
	rm Fileutils
	rmdir Fileutils
	rmt cpio
	rmt tar
	runtest DejaGnu
	runtest.exp DejaGnu

	s2p perl
	sccs2rcs CVS
	screen screen
	sdiff Diffutils
	sed sed
	send-pr GNATS
	shogi Shogi
	size Binutils
	sleep Shellutils
	soelim Groff
	sort Textutils
	split Textutils
	strings Binutils
	strip Binutils
	stty Shellutils
	su Shellutils
	sum Textutils
	superopt Superopt

	tac Textutils
	tail Textutils
	taintperl perl
	tangle TeX
	tar tar
	tbl Groff
	tcp Emacs
	tee Shellutils
	tek2plot Graphics
	test Shellutils
	test-g++ DejaGnu
	test-tool DejaGnu
	tex TeX
	tex3patch Texinfo
	texi2dvi Texinfo
	texindex Texinfo
	texspell TeX
	tfmtodit Groff
	tftopl TeX
	tgrind TeX
	time time
	timer Emacs
	touch Fileutils
	tput tput
	tr Textutils
	troff Groff
	true Shellutils
	tty Shellutils

	uname Shellutils
	uncompress gzip
	unexpand Textutils
	uniq Textutils
	unprotoize GCC
	uuchk UUCP
	uucico UUCP
	uuconv UUCP
	uucp UUCP
	uudecode uuencode
	uudir UUCP
	uuencode uuencode
	uulog UUCP
	uuname UUCP
	uupick UUCP
	uurate UUCP
	uusched UUCP
	uustat UUCP
	uuto UUCP
	uux UUCP
	uuxqt UUCP

	v Fileutils
	vcdiff Emacs
	vdir Fileutils
	vftovp TeX
	vi nvi
	virmf TeX
	virtex TeX
	vptovf TeX

	wakeup Emacs
	wc Textutils
	wdiff wdiff
	weave TeX
	who Shellutils
	whoami Shellutils

	x2p perl
	xargs find
	xbfe Fontutils
	xboard xboard
	xditview Groff
	xdvi TeX
	xms MandelSpawn
	xplot Graphics
	xshogi xshogi

	yes Shellutils
	yow Emacs

	zcat gzip
	zcmp gzip
	zdiff gzip
	zforce gzip
	zgrep gzip
	zmore gzip
	znew gzip

	[ Shellutils

Tapes

We offer Unix source code on tapes in `tar' format on these media: The contents of the reel and various cartridge tapes for Unix systems are the same (except for the RS/6000 Emacs tape, which also has executables for Emacs); only the media are different. For pricing information, see the ``Free Software Foundation Order Form''. Source code for the manuals is included, in Texinfo format. See ``GNU Documentation''.

Some of the files on the tapes may be compressed with `gzip' to make them fit. Refer to the top-level `README' file at the beginning of each tape for instructions on uncompressing them. `uncompress' and `unpack' *do not work*!

Languages Tape

This tape contains programming tools: compilers, interpreters, and related programs (parsers, conversion programs, debuggers, etc.).

Utilities Tape

This tape consists mostly of smaller utilities and miscellaneous applications.

Emacs Tape

This tape has Common Lisp systems and libraries, GNU Emacs, assorted extensions that work with GNU Emacs, and a few other important utilities.

Scheme Tape

Scheme is a simplified, lexically-scoped dialect of Lisp. It was designed at MIT and other universities to teach students the art of programming, and to research new parallel programming constructs and compilation techniques.

This tape contains MIT Scheme 7.1, which conforms to the "Revised^4 Report On the Algorithmic Language Scheme" (MIT AI Lab Memo 848b), for which TeX source is included. It is written partly in C, but is presently hard to bootstrap. Binaries that can be used to bootstrap Scheme are available for:

If your system is not on this list and you don't enjoy the bootstrap challenge, see the JACAL item in ``GNU Software''.

X11 Tapes

The two X11 tapes contain Version 11, Release 6 of the MIT X Window System. The first tape contains all of the core software, documentation and some contributed clients. We call this the "required" X tape since it is necessary for running X or running GNU Emacs under X. The second, "optional" tape contains contributed libraries and other toolkits, the Andrew User Interface System, games, and other programs.

The X11 Required tape also contains all fixes and patches released to date. We update this tape as new fixes and patches are released for programs on both tapes. See ``Tape & CD-ROM Subscription Service''.

We will distribute X11R5 on tape until X11R6 is stable, and on the ``November 1993 Source Code CD-ROM'', while supplies last.

Berkeley 4.4BSD-Lite Tape

The "4.4BSD-Lite" release is the last from the Computer Systems Research Group at the University of California at Berkeley. It includes most of the BSD software system except for a few proprietary files that still remain in the full 4.4BSD distribution.

VMS Emacs and VMS Compiler Tapes

We offer two VMS tapes. One has just GNU Emacs 18.59 (none of the other software on the ``Emacs Tape'', is included). The other has GCC 2.3.3, Bison 1.19 (to compile GCC), GAS 1.38 (to assemble GCC's output) and some library and include files (none of the other software on the ``Languages Tape'', is included). We are not aware of a GDB port for VMS. Both VMS tapes have executables from which you can bootstrap, as the DEC VMS C compiler cannot compile GCC. Please do not ask us to devote effort to VMS support, because it is peripheral to the GNU Project.

CD-ROMs

We currently offer these CD-ROMs: Our CD-ROMs are in ISO 9660 format and can be mounted as a read-only file system on most operating systems. If your driver supports it you can mount each CD-ROM with "Rock Ridge" extensions and it will look just like an ordinary Unix file system, rather than one full of truncated and otherwise mangled names that fit the vanilla ISO 9660 specifications.

You can build most of the software without copying the sources off the CD. You only need enough disk space for object files and intermediate build targets.

Pricing of the GNU CD-ROMs

If a business or organization is ultimately paying, the May 1994 Source CD costs $400. It costs $100 if you, an individual, are paying out of your own pocket. The Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM costs $240 for a business or organization, and $60 for an individual.

May 1994 Source Code CD-ROM

The Free Software Foundation has produced the fourth edition of its Source Code CD-ROM. It contains the following: